Clinical Spectrum of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV Patients: A Literature Review

Espridelavia Sektiara¹, Afif Nurul Hidayati^2*, Arifa Mustika³

Abstract

Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions (CADRs) represent a significant clinical concern among individuals living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), who exhibit heightened susceptibility due to profound immune dysregulation, declining CD4+ cell counts, and frequent exposure to multiple pharmacologic agents. This literature review synthesizes current evidence regarding the spectrum, risk factors, and drug triggers of CADRs in HIV-infected populations. CADRs in this group encompass a wide range of manifestations, from mild exanthematous eruptions to life-threatening reactions such as Stevens–Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), and Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP). Multiple risk determinants, including polypharmacy, co-infection with tuberculosis (TB), impaired immunological status marked by low CD4+ cell counts, and host-related factors such as age, sex, and genetic predisposition, contribute to the increased incidence and severity of CADRs in this population. Antituberculosis agents, antiretroviral therapy (particularly nevirapine-based regimens), and cotrimoxazole frequently emerge as primary drug triggers, with several studies reporting high rates of hypersensitivity reactions linked to these medications. Overall, the evidence underscores the importance of vigilant monitoring, early recognition of cutaneous reactions, and appropriate therapeutic adjustments to prevent adverse outcomes in HIV-infected patients receiving complex multidrug regimens.

Keywords

HIV; cutaneous adverse drug reaction; drug hypersensitivity; literature review

Cite This Article

Sektiara, E., Hidayati, A. N., Mustika, A. (2025). Clinical Spectrum of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV Patients: A Literature Review. International Journal of Scientific Advances (IJSCIA), Volume 6| Issue 6: Nov – Dec 2025, Pages 1061-1067 URL: https://www.ijscia.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Volume6-Issue6-Nov-Dec-No.974-1061-1067.pdf

Volume 6 | Issue 6: Nov – Dec 2025