Inhibitory Effects of Syzygium jambos (L.) Leaf Extract, Citrus sinensis (L.) Peel Extract, and the Inducers HMF and Naringenin on Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans
Indah Listiana Kriswandini1, Shafiqa Aliya Muttaqien2, Dina Izzatul Mila Azka2, Shofi Nurraini2, Aliva Indana Zahira3
Abstract
In this in vitro, post-test only control group study, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were incubated for 24 h in 96-well microplates together with Syzygium jambos (L.) leaf extract (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/mL), Citrus sinensis (L.) peel extract (15, 20, 25 mg/mL), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF; 25, 50, 100 mg/mL) or naringenin (25, 50, 100 mg/mL). Quercetin served as positive control. Biofilm biomass was quantified by crystal violet staining (OD₅₉₀) in three replicates, and percentage inhibition was calculated. Data were analysed descriptively. All materials reduced biofilm biomass in a concentration-dependent manner. Against S. mutans, naringenin 100 mg/mL (83.58%), S. jambos 0.5 mg/mL (82.96%), and C. sinensis 25 mg/mL (82.35%) gave numerically higher inhibition than quercetin (79.77%), whereas HMF gave 75.65%. Against C. albicans, C. sinensis 25 mg/mL was the most active (91.19%), followed by S. jambos (85.05%), naringenin (84.70%), and HMF (81.92%); none exceeded quercetin (92.88%). All four materials inhibited biofilm formation by S. mutans and C. albicans in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner and may be promising candidates for further development as natural antibiofilm agents against oral pathogens, pending statistical confirmation and testing in multispecies models and biocompatibility studies.
Keywords
Syzygium jambos (L.); Citrus sinensis (L.); 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; Naringenin; Antibiofilm; Streptococcus mutans; Candida albicans
Cite This Article
Kriswandini, I. L., Muttaqien, S. A., Azka, D. I. M., Nurraini, S., Zahira, A. I. (2026). Inhibitory Effects of Syzygium jambos (L.) Leaf Extract, Citrus sinensis (L.) Peel Extract, and the Inducers HMF and Naringenin on Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. International Journal of Scientific Advances (IJSCIA), Volume 7| Issue 6: Nov – Dec 2026, Pages 1089-1094. URL: https://www.ijscia.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/Volume7-Issue6-Nov-Dec-No.1133-1089-1094.pdf
Volume 7 | Issue 6: Nov – Dec 2026
