Study of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor for Three States of Grains Using Microwave Frequency (CJ-Band) Using the Waveguide Method

Priya Saini & O. P. N. Calla

Abstract

This paper represents the study of dielectric constants along with their loss factor for various kinds of grains, which further define their responses against electromagnetic energy at different microwave frequencies by absorbing, emitting, reflecting, and scattering a portion of electromagnetic energy. Measurement of dielectric constant and loss factor have made for various samples of grains such as Rice, Wheat, Split Red Gram (Arhar), Bengal Gram (Chana), Green Gram (Moong) for three different states as preliminary, oven dried and saturated at different gravimetric moisture content in range of CJ Band at two different frequency values (5.30 and 6.60 GHz) by using waveguide cell (short circuited lines or double minima or two point) method. The general laboratory statistics are equally significant in identifying the grains and relatively increase the characterized crop productivity by using microwave remote sensing applications. The analytical study of different cereals and pulses at microwave frequencies may provide information about the vegetation area and also help to detect their behavioral properties. It was an early experimental study relevant to current grain moisture characterization and RF applications. This paper presents an experimental analysis of the dielectric constant and loss factor for five cereal and pulse grains—Rice, Wheat, Split Red Gram (Arhar), Bengal Gram (Chana), and Green Gram (Moong)—under three distinct moisture conditions: preliminary, oven-dried, and saturated. Using the two-point waveguide method, measurements were taken at microwave frequencies of 5.30 GHz and 6.60 GHz (CJ-band). The work reveals significant variation in dielectric behavior across moisture levels and frequency bands, demonstrating a strong correlation between dielectric response and gravimetric moisture content. The findings contribute valuable data for applications in microwave remote sensing, grain moisture estimation, and agricultural material characterization.

Keywords

dielectric constant; gravimetric moisture content; waveguide cell; preliminary; oven dried; saturated; microwave remote sensing; CJ Band; vegetation.

Cite This Article

Saini, P., Calla, O. P. N. (2025). Study of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor for Three States of Grains Using Microwave Frequency (CJ-Band) Using the Waveguide Method. International Journal of Scientific Advances (IJSCIA), Volume 6| Issue 5: Sep – Oct 2025, Pages 861-871 URL: https://www.ijscia.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Volume6-Issue5-Sep-Oct-No.941-861-871.pdf

Volume 6 | Issue 5: Sep – Oct 2025