Inflammatory Mechanisms and the Role of TNF-α in UV-Induced Skin Hyperpigmentation: A Narrative Review Komang Ayu Silfia Budiasih¹, I Gede Eka Handrean²* Abstract Background: Skin hyperpigmentation induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation represents a significant clinical concern with increasing prevalence globally. While the protective role of melanin synthesis is well-established, the