Methane Emissions from Indonesian Landfills: Site Conditions, Scientific Evidence, and Environmental Risks Nita Citrasari1,2*, Indriyani Rachman1,3, Toru Matsumoto1 Abstract Methane emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are a significant environmental risk, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. With 63% of MSW composed of biodegradable materials, Indonesian landfills are a