Thyroid Response to Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: A Literature Review Irvine Iraudi Putri1, Heroe Soebroto2*, Taufiq Hidayat3, Arief Rakhman Hakim2 Abstract Congenital heart disease (CHD) correction frequently requires open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), a procedure that can trigger hormonal disruption and hemodynamic instability. CPB is