The Effect of Nicotine Exposure on Serum Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) Levels in Relation to the Risk of Alveolar Osteitis Aries Muharram1*, Reza Al-Fessi2, Fahmi Zakaria Kusnanto3, Nabila Syafa Rahmania4 Abstract Background: Alveolar osteitis (AO) is a postoperative complication of tooth extraction characterized by loss of the blood clot, severe