Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in NSAID-Induced Gastropathy and the Immunomodulatory Potential of Propolis: A Literature Review Rania Syafira Putri Widyanti¹, Willy Sandhika²* Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain widely used analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, yet their gastric toxicity is a persistent clinical problem. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and prostaglandin depletion explain only